Forty-nine laws in depth. More on the way.
CELEX: 32013R0575
Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR)
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
The EU's implementation of Basel III for credit institutions and investment firms. Capital ratios, own funds, credit risk, large exposures, liquidity, leverage, and Pillar 3 disclosure.
Banking
Prudential
Basel III
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32024R2754
China BEV Countervailing Duties
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2754
The EU's first major countervailing-duty action of the green-transition era. Definitive additional duties on Chinese battery electric vehicles, ranging from 7.8% (Tesla Shanghai) to 35.3% (SAIC and non-cooperating exporters), on top of the 6.5% MFN customs duty.
Trade defence
Anti-subsidy
Automotive
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32020R0776
China and Egypt GFF Countervailing Duties
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/776
Definitive countervailing duties on woven and stitched glass fibre fabrics from China and Egypt. Landmark case introducing cross-border subsidy attribution via the China-Egypt SETC-Zone in Suez. Rates: 30.7 % CNBM Group, 17.0 % Yuntianhua, 10.9 % Egypt.
Trade defence
Anti-subsidy
Cross-border
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022R0433
India and Indonesia Stainless Steel Countervailing Duties
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/433
Definitive countervailing duties on stainless steel cold-rolled flat products from India and Indonesia. Indonesia's nickel-ore subsidy plus cross-border Chinese financing via the Morowali Industrial Park. Rates: 4.3 % to 21.4 %, combined with anti-dumping up to 42.8 %.
Trade defence
Anti-subsidy
Cross-border
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32019R2175
The ESAs Review
Regulation (EU) 2019/2175
The 2019 reform of the three European Supervisory Authorities (EBA, EIOPA, ESMA). EBA becomes the EU anti-money-laundering hub; ESMA gains direct supervision of trading-data providers and critical benchmarks; new convergence and sustainability tools across all three.
Financial supervision
Anti-money laundering
Omnibus reform
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32016R0429
The Animal Health Law
Regulation (EU) 2016/429
The single EU framework for transmissible animal diseases, which replaced around 40 older laws. It names five priority diseases, sorts every listed disease into five action categories, and covers biosecurity, traceability, animal movements, imports, pet travel and outbreak emergency measures.
Animal health
Food safety
Framework law
Read the explainer
CELEX 32023R1114
MiCA, the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
The EU's first comprehensive rulebook for crypto-assets outside existing financial law. Classifies crypto into e-money tokens, asset-referenced tokens and other tokens, and licenses crypto-asset service providers across the whole EU.
Digital finance
Crypto-assets
Article 114 TFEU
Read the explainer
CELEX 32024R1689
The EU AI Act
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689
The world's first comprehensive law for artificial intelligence. A risk-based rulebook that bans unacceptable uses, regulates high-risk systems, sets transparency duties and governs general-purpose AI models, enforced by a new EU AI Office.
Artificial intelligence
Digital
Article 114 TFEU
Read the explainer
CELEX 32025R0500
Aluminium road wheels from Morocco
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/500
The EU's first anti-subsidy action against Morocco. Countervailing duties on aluminium road wheels after Chinese Belt-and-Road financing channelled through a Moroccan subsidiary was attributed to the Government of Morocco.
Trade defence
Countervailing duties
Cross-border subsidy
Read the explainer
CELEX 32017R0625
The Official Controls Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2017/625
the EU's single enforcement framework for the entire agri-food chain, from farm to fork. It harmonises how national authorities inspect food, feed, animals and plants, and control imports at the border.
Food safety
Agri-food chain
Official controls
Read the explainer
CELEX 32021R2011
Optical fibre cables from China
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/2011
The EU's anti-dumping action on Chinese fibre-optic cable, the backbone of telecoms networks. The first anti-dumping case in the canon, alongside the countervailing-duty cases.
Trade defence
Anti-dumping
Lesser-duty rule
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32004R0726
EMA and the Centralised Procedure
Regulation (EC) No 726/2004
The regulation that created the European Medicines Agency and the EU centralised marketing authorisation: one application to the EMA, one Commission decision valid across the whole Union. The institutional spine of EU medicines law.
Medicines
EMA
Authorisation
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32000R0141
Orphan Medicinal Products
Regulation (EC) No 141/2000
The rare-disease bargain: a designation procedure plus incentives (ten years of market exclusivity, protocol assistance, fee waivers) for medicines treating conditions affecting no more than five people in ten thousand.
Medicines
Rare diseases
Incentives
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32014R0536
Clinical Trials Regulation
Regulation (EU) No 536/2014
One EU portal and a coordinated assessment replacing fragmented national clinical-trial applications. Built around CTIS, it became applicable in 2022 and governs how every new medicine is tested in the Union.
Medicines
Clinical trials
CTIS
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32007R1394
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products
Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007
The tailored regime for the most advanced biological medicines: gene therapy, somatic cell therapy and tissue-engineered products. Makes the EMA route mandatory and adds the Committee for Advanced Therapies.
Medicines
Cell and gene therapy
ATMP
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32006R1901
Paediatric Medicines
Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006
Drives research into medicines for children through a system of obligations and rewards: a Paediatric Investigation Plan in exchange for a six-month patent-term extension, or two extra years of orphan exclusivity.
Medicines
Paediatric
PIP rewards
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32001L0083
The Community Code
Directive 2001/83/EC
The directive half of EU medicines law: a codification of eleven earlier directives governing marketing authorisation, manufacturing, labelling, classification, wholesale distribution, advertising and pharmacovigilance for medicines outside the centralised route.
Medicines
Directive
Codification
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32004L0024
Traditional Herbal Medicines
Directive 2004/24/EC
The simplified traditional-use registration that lets herbal medicines with at least thirty years of documented use (fifteen within the EU) reach the market without full efficacy trials. Created the EMA herbal committee, the HMPC.
Medicines
Herbal
Directive
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32010L0084
The Pharmacovigilance Directive
Directive 2010/84/EU
The 2010 overhaul of EU medicine-safety monitoring that rewrote Title IX of the Community Code: the PRAC, EudraVigilance single reporting, risk management plans, the black triangle and the urgent Union procedure.
Medicines
Pharmacovigilance
Directive
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32011L0062
The Falsified Medicines Directive
Directive 2011/62/EU
Closed the legal supply chain to fake medicines with a unique identifier and anti-tampering device on every prescription pack, verified through the European Medicines Verification System, live since February 2019.
Medicines
Anti-falsification
Directive
2D code
Unique identifier
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32012L0026
Pharmacovigilance Amendments
Directive 2012/26/EU
The short post-Mediator follow-up that made the urgent Union safety procedure trigger automatically and forced disclosure of safety-driven withdrawals, including those taken in third countries.
Medicines
Pharmacovigilance
Directive
Automatic
Urgent procedure
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32018L1972
European Electronic Communications Code
Directive (EU) 2018/1972
The 2018 recast that merged the four directives of the old telecoms package into a single code for electronic communications networks and services, very-high-capacity network roll-out, radio spectrum, end-user rights and the BEREC framework.
Telecoms
Connectivity
Directive
20 years
Spectrum predictability
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32009L0138
Solvency II
Directive 2009/138/EC
The EU risk-based prudential regime for insurers and reinsurers, built on three pillars: the Solvency Capital Requirement and own funds, the system of governance and ORSA, and public disclosure through the SFCR.
Insurance
Prudential
Directive
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32014L0065
MiFID II
Directive 2014/65/EU
The recast markets-in-financial-instruments framework: investment-firm authorisation, the venue taxonomy (regulated market, MTF and the new OTF), investor protection, algorithmic-trading controls and commodity position limits.
Financial markets
Investor protection
Directive
RM MTF OTF
Trading venues
Best execution
Investor rules
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32018D0859
Amazon State Aid
Decision (EU) 2018/859
The Luxembourg tax ruling that let Amazon route most of its EU profit to a non-taxed partnership through an intra-group royalty. A landmark transfer-pricing State-aid case, annulled by the EU courts in 2021 and 2023.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Annulled 2023
Court outcome
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32017D1283
Apple State Aid
Decision (EU) 2017/1283
The two Irish tax rulings that left Apple's branch profits under-taxed. The landmark tax-ruling case: annulled in 2020 but confirmed by the Court of Justice in 2024, so Ireland must recover the aid.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Upheld 2024
Court outcome
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32023D1683
La Rochelle Airport State Aid
Decision (EU) 2023/1683
Public funding to La Rochelle airport and the marketing agreements with airlines including Ryanair, tested under the market-economy operator principle and an incremental-profitability analysis.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32016D0633
Nimes Airport State Aid
Decision (EU) 2016/633
Public funding to Nimes airport and the airport-services and marketing agreements with Ryanair and Airport Marketing Services, assessed under the market-economy operator test and the Aviation Guidelines.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32025D1963
Cineca State Aid
Decision (EU) 2025/1963
The Italian inter-university consortium Cineca and the in-house assignment of public IT and supercomputing services. Clarifies when in-house public-service arrangements stay outside the State-aid rules.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32020D1412
Tirrenia State Aid
Decision (EU) 2020/1412
Public-service compensation, priority berthing and tax measures for the Tirrenia ferries, and whether recovery follows to its acquirer through economic continuity. A leading Altmark and SGEI precedent.
Competition
State aid
Decision
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32016R0679
GDPR
Regulation (EU) 2016/679
The EU General Data Protection Regulation: the principles, the six lawful bases, the data-subject rights, controller and processor duties (DPIA, DPO, security, 72-hour breach notification), international transfers, the EDPB, and fines up to 4 percent of global turnover.
Data protection
Privacy
Regulation
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022R2065
Digital Services Act
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065
The EU horizontal rulebook for online intermediary services: conditional liability exemptions, tiered due-diligence duties, notice-and-action, the ban on dark patterns, advertising and recommender transparency, and the extra systemic-risk regime for Very Large Online Platforms and Search Engines.
Digital policy
Platforms
Regulation
VLOPs / VLOSEs
45M+ users
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022R1925
Digital Markets Act
Regulation (EU) 2022/1925
The EU ex-ante rules for gatekeepers of core platform services: the designation thresholds, the Article 5, 6 and 7 do's and don'ts (no self-preferencing, interoperability, data portability, FRAND app-store access), and enforcement by the Commission alone with fines up to 10 percent of worldwide turnover.
Digital policy
Competition
Regulation
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022L2555
NIS2 Directive
Directive (EU) 2022/2555
The EU baseline cybersecurity regime replacing NIS1: essential and important entities across 18 sectors, management accountability, ten minimum risk-management measures including supply-chain security, a 24-hour and 72-hour incident-reporting cascade, and differentiated supervision and fines.
Cybersecurity
Digital infrastructure
Directive
Essential / Important
Entities
24h / 72h
Incident reporting
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32023R0956
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
Regulation (EU) 2023/956
The EU's import-side carbon price and border complement to the EU ETS: importers of cement, steel, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity and hydrogen buy certificates for the emissions embedded in their goods. It is not a tax, it is designed to be WTO-compatible, and it phases in as EU ETS free allocation is phased out.
Climate action
Carbon pricing
Regulation
1 Jan 2026
Definitive regime
EU ETS price
Certificate value
Art 192(1) TFEU
Legal base
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022R2554
DORA, the Digital Operational Resilience Act
Regulation (EU) 2022/2554
The EU's first horizontal cybersecurity rulebook for the financial sector. Twenty-one categories of financial entity follow a single framework on ICT risk management, three-stage incident reporting, threat-led penetration testing every three years, ICT third-party risk and a Union-level Oversight Framework for critical cloud, software and data-centre providers. Applies from 17 January 2025.
Financial services
Cybersecurity
Regulation
17 Jan 2025
Application date
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32025R0327
EHDS, the European Health Data Space
Regulation (EU) 2025/327
The first sector-specific European data space. Every EU natural person gets six rights over their electronic health data (access, insert, rectify, port, restrict, know) in six priority categories. MyHealth@EU carries primary use across borders; HealthData@EU carries secondary use for research, policymaking and regulation across 17 minimum data categories. EHR systems become CE-marked products.
Public health
Data governance
Regulation
6 rights
Every EU citizen
26 Mar 2027
General application
17 categories
Secondary-use minimum
Arts 16 + 114 TFEU
Legal base
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32025R0040
PPWR, the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2025/40
The EU's first horizontal packaging law that binds economic operators directly, ending 30 years of fragmented national transpositions of Directive 94/62/EC. Restricts PFAS in food-contact packaging, caps empty space at 50 percent from 2030, mandates recyclability grades A/B/C with Grade C banned from 2038, requires 90 percent deposit-return collection of PET beverage bottles and aluminium cans by 2029, and sets sector-specific reuse targets for transport, HORECA and large white-goods packaging.
Environment
Circular economy
Regulation
90% DRS
PET + aluminium by 2029
12 Aug 2026
General application
13 chapters
71 articles, 13 annexes
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32025L1892
Textile EPR and Food Waste Directive
Directive (EU) 2025/1892
The EU's first harmonised extended producer responsibility regime for textiles, footwear and related products, plus its first legally binding food waste reduction targets. Scope is set by Combined Nomenclature customs codes in a new Annex IVc. Producers fund collection, sorting and recycling once national EPR schemes are operational by 17 April 2028, and Member States must cut food waste 10 percent in processing and manufacturing and 30 percent per capita across retail, restaurants and households by 2030.
Environment
Circular economy
Directive
12.6 Mt
EU textile waste a year
17 Apr 2028
EPR schemes operational
30% by 2030
Food waste cut per capita
Art. 192(1) TFEU
Legal base
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32022L2464
CSRD, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive
Directive (EU) 2022/2464
The EU's mandatory corporate sustainability reporting mandate, replacing the earlier Non-Financial Reporting Directive. Around 50,000 undertakings must publish audited sustainability information as a dedicated section of the management report, under mandatory European Sustainability Reporting Standards, assured by an independent third party and digitally tagged in ESEF. The Omnibus stop-the-clock Directive (EU) 2025/794 postponed Wave 2 and Wave 3 by two years; Wave 1 (large public-interest entities above 500 employees, reporting since FY2024) is unchanged.
Financial services
Sustainability
Directive
50,000
Undertakings in scope
12 ESRS
First set adopted 2023
Art. 50 & 114 TFEU
Legal base
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32024L1760
CSDDD, the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive
Directive (EU) 2024/1760
The EU's mandatory horizontal due diligence law. Around 6,000 EU and 900 non-EU companies operating in the Union must identify, prevent, mitigate, remedy and publicly account for adverse human rights and environmental impacts across their own operations, subsidiaries and business partners in the chain of activities, and adopt a climate transition plan compatible with 1.5 degrees Celsius. Where CSRD forces companies to REPORT, CSDDD forces them to DO due diligence, and victims can sue in Member State courts under a harmonised civil-liability regime. Transposition postponed by one year to 26 July 2027 by Directive (EU) 2025/794.
Financial services
Human rights
Directive
>1,000
Employees + €450m turnover
5% cap
Penalty ceiling minimum (Art 27)
Art. 29
Harmonised civil liability
26 Jul 2027
Transposition (postponed)
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32023R1542
EU Batteries Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2023/1542
The first EU law to govern a product across its whole life cycle in one instrument: sourcing, carbon footprint, recycled content, safety, the digital battery passport, and end-of-life collection and recycling. Repeals the 2006 Batteries Directive.
Circular economy
Right to repair
Battery passport
73%
Collected by 2030 (portable)
Read the explainer
REGIME · ESPR 2024/1781
EU Digital Product Passport
The DPP regime (ESPR Regulation (EU) 2024/1781)
The whole Digital Product Passport in one place: one QR code carrying a product's composition, repair and recycling data across its life. 13 acts, 11 product sectors, the central registry live since July 2026.
Circular economy
Ecodesign
Product passport
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32024R1781
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products (ESPR)
Regulation (EU) 2024/1781
The framework that lets the EU set ecodesign rules for almost any product, and the law that creates the Digital Product Passport. Repeals the 2009 Ecodesign Directive and bans the destruction of unsold consumer goods.
Ecodesign
Circular economy
Product passport
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32024R1252
Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)
Regulation (EU) 2024/1252
The EU framework for securing lithium, rare earths and the other materials the green and digital transitions run on. Sets binding 2030 benchmarks, fast-tracks strategic mining projects, and underpins the Digital Product Passport regime.
Raw materials
Supply security
Circular economy
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32024R3110
Construction Products Regulation (CPR)
Regulation (EU) 2024/3110
The 2024 rewrite of the EU rulebook for construction products. Modernises CE marking and the declaration of performance, adds environmental requirements for the first time, and creates the construction product passport. Replaces the 2011 CPR.
Construction
CE marking
Product passport
2026
Green rules phase in
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32025R2509
Toy Safety Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2025/2509
The 2025 overhaul of EU toy safety. Tightens the chemical rules on PFAS, bisphenols and CMR substances, keeps the warning requirements, and creates a digital product passport for every toy. Replaces the 2009 Toy Safety Directive.
Toy safety
Chemicals
Product passport
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026R0405
Detergents Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2026/405
The 2026 overhaul of EU detergent and surfactant rules. Sets biodegradability and phosphorus limits, moves refill sales into law, adds digital labels, and creates a digital product passport for detergents. No CE mark, self-declared.
Detergents
Biodegradability
Product passport
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026R1778
DPP Registry Regulation
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778
The act that switched on the central EU Digital Product Passport registry, live since July 2026. Sets the shared registration rules for every product passport: identity verification, the API and interface, and the unique registration identifier.
Digital passport
Registry
Implementing act
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026D1736
DPP Harmonised Standards
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2026/1736
The decision that published the first six harmonised EN standards for the digital product passport. Build to them and, under the ESPR, your passport is presumed to conform: the fast lane through compliance. The technical backbone beneath the registry and the sectoral passport laws.
Digital passport
Standards
Presumption of conformity
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026R0002
Unsold Goods Disclosure
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/2
The act that makes the destruction of unsold stock visible. Large companies must publicly report, every year in a standard EU format, how much unsold consumer product they discard, why, and what happens to it. The transparency half of the ESPR unsold-goods regime.
Circular economy
Transparency
Unsold goods
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026R0296
Unsold Goods Destruction Ban
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/296
The act that makes the EU ban on destroying unsold clothing and footwear workable. The ESPR bans it from 19 July 2026; this Regulation draws the line, setting the ten exceptions where destruction is still allowed and the proof you must keep.
Circular economy
Destruction ban
Unsold goods
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32011R1007
Textile Fibre Labelling
Regulation (EU) No 1007/2011
The reason a garment label reads "80% wool, 20% polyamide" in the same words everywhere in the EU. It harmonises textile fibre names and makes fibre-composition labelling compulsory. The 2011 foundation the textile digital product passport now builds on.
Textiles
Labelling
Fibre names
Read the explainer
CELEX: 32026R1738
End-of-Life Vehicles Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2026/1738
One regulation for the whole vehicle life cycle, replacing the 2000 End-of-Life Vehicles Directive and the 2005 type-approval Directive. It sets circular design duties, recycled-content targets, producer responsibility and export control, and creates the Digital Circularity Vehicle Passport.
Circular economy
Vehicles
Product passport
Read the explainer
More canon entries land regularly. Want a specific law next? Email hello@beresol.eu.
